2014年(nian)4月24日,新修訂(ding)(ding)的(de)《環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)保(bao)護法》經十二屆全國人大(da)常委會(hui)第(di)八次會(hui)議以絕對高票審議通過,將于(yu)2015年(nian)1月1日起施行。《環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)保(bao)護法》的(de)修訂(ding)(ding),堪稱考察當下(xia)中國立法的(de)一個典型標(biao)本,被譽(yu)為《環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)保(bao)護法》之一,也被譽(yu)為是中國環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)立法史(shi)上的(de)又一重要里程(cheng)碑。
新(xin)(xin)《環(huan)境(jing)保護法》在理念、原(yuan)則(ze)和制度上有重(zhong)要創新(xin)(xin)
《環境(jing)保護法》實際上起到了環境(jing)領域(yu)基本法的作(zuo)(zuo)用。基本法與部門法的一個重(zhong)(zhong)大區別是前者重(zhong)(zhong)在建立、設計基本原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)、基本制(zhi)度等。后者則(ze)(ze)側重(zhong)(zhong)制(zhi)定具體(ti)規定,以增強可操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)性。這(zhe)次(ci)修訂(ding)的一個重(zhong)(zhong)大亮點是引(yin)進生態文明理念,確(que)立保護優先(xian)原(yuan)則(ze)(ze)并設定眾多制(zhi)度支撐(cheng)。
立(li)法機關(guan)在修(xiu)訂過程(cheng)中,根據十八大、十八屆三中全會精神,在總則(ze)中將(jiang)“推進(jin)生(sheng)態文明建設(she)、促進(jin)經濟社會可持續發展”列(lie)入立(li)法目的,將(jiang)保護(hu)環(huan)境確立(li)為國家的基(ji)本(ben)國策,確定了(le)“六(liu)·五”環(huan)境日,首次將(jiang)“保護(hu)優先”列(lie)為環(huan)保工作要堅(jian)持的第一(yi)基(ji)本(ben)原則(ze),同(tong)時明確提出(chu)要促進(jin)人與自(zi)然和諧,突(tu)出(chu)強調經濟社會發展要與環(huan)境保護(hu)相協調。
為貫徹生態(tai)文(wen)明(ming)的(de)理(li)念,并確保“保護優先(xian)”、“使經濟(ji)社會發(fa)展(zhan)與環(huan)境(jing)保護相協(xie)調(diao)”原則落到實處,新《環(huan)境(jing)保護法(fa)》在分(fen)則中有一些(xie)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)上(shang)的(de)安排和(he)創(chuang)新,即環(huan)境(jing)預警制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du),環(huan)境(jing)與健康監測、調(diao)查與風險評(ping)估制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du),劃定生態(tai)保護紅線(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du),排污許可管理(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du),環(huan)評(ping)區域限批制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du),跨行政區域的(de)聯合防(fang)治機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),環(huan)境(jing)監測制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du),環(huan)境(jing)保護考核評(ping)價制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du),環(huan)境(jing)影響評(ping)價制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du),信息公開(kai)和(he)公眾參與制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du),生態(tai)保護補償制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)、環(huan)境(jing)經濟(ji)政策等制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)和(he)政策。
這(zhe)些制(zhi)度(du)(du)和政策(ce)性規定(ding)(ding)(ding),有的(de)(de)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)具體明確(que),有的(de)(de)只作原則(ze)規定(ding)(ding)(ding),留下很(hen)大空間(jian)。比(bi)(bi)如環(huan)評區(qu)域限批(pi)制(zhi)度(du)(du),新(xin)《環(huan)境保(bao)護法(fa)(fa)(fa)》就作了明確(que)規定(ding)(ding)(ding),對于超過(guo)國家(jia)重(zhong)點(dian)污染物排放(fang)總量(liang)控制(zhi)指標(biao)或未完成國家(jia)確(que)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)環(huan)境質(zhi)量(liang)目(mu)標(biao)的(de)(de)地(di)區(qu),應當暫停審批(pi)新(xin)增重(zhong)點(dian)污染物排放(fang)總量(liang)的(de)(de)建設(she)項目(mu)環(huan)評文件。這(zhe)一制(zhi)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)設(she)立(li)是與《行政許可(ke)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》相(xiang)銜(xian)接,不能解讀為行政懲罰(fa)措施。比(bi)(bi)如劃定(ding)(ding)(ding)生(sheng)態保(bao)護紅線(xian)制(zhi)度(du)(du),新(xin)《環(huan)境保(bao)護法(fa)(fa)(fa)》則(ze)僅(jin)作原則(ze)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)。是否要設(she)立(li)紅線(xian)制(zhi)度(du)(du),如何(he)設(she)立(li)這(zhe)個制(zhi)度(du)(du),有很(hen)多不同意見,因而僅(jin)作原則(ze)規定(ding)(ding)(ding),留下很(hen)大空間(jian)。
新(xin)《環(huan)境保護法》構建了環(huan)境治理新(xin)格(ge)局
新(xin)(xin)《環(huan)(huan)(huan)境保護(hu)法》強調權(quan)利(li)義(yi)務的(de)(de)均衡性,進一步突出界定了(le)政府的(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境責(ze)任、企業的(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境義(yi)務,同時明確(que)了(le)公民和社會(hui)組織參與(yu)環(huan)(huan)(huan)保的(de)(de)權(quan)利(li)義(yi)務,構建了(le)多元共(gong)治、社會(hui)參與(yu)的(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境治理(li)新(xin)(xin)格(ge)局(ju),為推動(dong)環(huan)(huan)(huan)境管(guan)理(li)戰略轉型提供(gong)了(le)制度保障。
1989年頒(ban)行(xing)的(de)《環(huan)境保(bao)護法》關于政府責(ze)任僅有一(yi)(yi)(yi)條原(yuan)則性規(gui)定,新《環(huan)境保(bao)護法》將其(qi)擴展增加為“監(jian)(jian)督管(guan)(guan)理(li)”一(yi)(yi)(yi)章,強(qiang)化監(jian)(jian)督管(guan)(guan)理(li)措施(shi)(shi),授(shou)予各級政府、環(huan)保(bao)部(bu)門(men)許(xu)多新的(de)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)權力(li),但同時(shi)也規(gui)定了嚴厲行(xing)政問責(ze)措施(shi)(shi)。在授(shou)予新的(de)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)權力(li)方面,一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)重大突(tu)破(po)是明確了基層(ceng)環(huan)保(bao)部(bu)門(men)下設(she)的(de)環(huan)境監(jian)(jian)察機構法律上(shang)的(de)地位(wei),授(shou)予其(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定的(de)執法權。
新《環境(jing)(jing)保護法(fa)(fa)》在(zai)界(jie)定、強化企(qi)業環境(jing)(jing)義(yi)務(wu)方(fang)面也做(zuo)了(le)不少努力(li)。針對(dui)環保法(fa)(fa)律違法(fa)(fa)成本低、威懾力(li)不夠的情況,該(gai)法(fa)(fa)提高了(le)處(chu)罰標準, 規(gui)定了(le)行政拘留,確(que)立了(le)環境(jing)(jing)連帶責任(ren),建(jian)立了(le)信(xin)用檔案制度(du),并創新性規(gui)定了(le)按日計罰制度(du)。
新《環境保護(hu)法》明(ming)確界定(ding)(ding)了(le)公(gong)(gong)(gong)民和社會組織的參(can)與(yu)權(quan),專章(zhang)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)信息公(gong)(gong)(gong)開和公(gong)(gong)(gong)眾參(can)與(yu)。其第(di)五十(shi)(shi)三(san)條規(gui)定(ding)(ding)公(gong)(gong)(gong)民依法享有獲(huo)取環境信息、參(can)與(yu)和監(jian)督環境保護(hu)的權(quan)利;第(di)五十(shi)(shi)七條規(gui)定(ding)(ding)了(le)公(gong)(gong)(gong)眾和社會組織如何(he)參(can)與(yu)環境保護(hu)監(jian)督;第(di)五十(shi)(shi)八(ba)條規(gui)定(ding)(ding)了(le)環境公(gong)(gong)(gong)益訴訟(song)。
環境公(gong)益訴訟(song)是新《環境保護法》的一(yi)大亮(liang)點
重大環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)訴(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song)制度(du)規定在(zai)(zai)2013年1月施行(xing)的(de)新(xin)《民事訴(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song)法》第五十五條中。從該法施行(xing)后一(yi)(yi)年多的(de)實(shi)踐(jian)來看,由于此(ci)項(xiang)規定過于寬(kuan)泛籠(long)統,實(shi)踐(jian)操(cao)作性(xing)較差,且缺乏相應司(si)法解釋予以(yi)細化,環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)訴(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song)難以(yi)有效發揮。在(zai)(zai)此(ci)背景下,新(xin)《環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)保護(hu)法》第五十八(ba)條對環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)訴(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song)進行(xing)更加明(ming)確(que)的(de)規定,在(zai)(zai)兩個(ge)方面拓展環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)訴(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song),一(yi)(yi)是進一(yi)(yi)步明(ming)確(que)了環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)訴(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song)主體,二是放寬(kuan)了環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)訴(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song)的(de)范圍。這一(yi)(yi)規定是構建我國環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)訴(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song)制度(du)的(de)基本依據和基礎(chu),必將對我國今后環(huan)(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)益(yi)訴(su)(su)(su)訟(song)(song)的(de)發展產生深遠影(ying)響。
本(ben)次修(xiu)訂(ding),《環(huan)(huan)境(jing)保護法》對環(huan)(huan)境(jing)公(gong)(gong)益(yi)(yi)(yi)訴(su)(su)訟(song)(song)做(zuo)出總括式規(gui)定(ding)(ding)。一般意義上(shang),環(huan)(huan)境(jing)公(gong)(gong)益(yi)(yi)(yi)訴(su)(su)訟(song)(song)可劃分為(wei)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)民(min)事(shi)公(gong)(gong)益(yi)(yi)(yi)訴(su)(su)訟(song)(song)和環(huan)(huan)境(jing)行政公(gong)(gong)益(yi)(yi)(yi)訴(su)(su)訟(song)(song)。前者(zhe)已通過《民(min)事(shi)訴(su)(su)訟(song)(song)法》的規(gui)定(ding)(ding)納入(ru)了(le)民(min)事(shi)訴(su)(su)訟(song)(song)體系,而(er)后(hou)者(zhe)的上(shang)位概(gai)念(nian)行政公(gong)(gong)益(yi)(yi)(yi)訴(su)(su)訟(song)(song)未被《行政訴(su)(su)訟(song)(song)法》所規(gui)定(ding)(ding),環(huan)(huan)境(jing)公(gong)(gong)益(yi)(yi)(yi)訴(su)(su)訟(song)(song)能(neng)否納入(ru)行政訴(su)(su)訟(song)(song)范疇(chou)具有障礙。